Contents

xxi

26.5.1

Physical Methods

400

26.5.2

Chemical Methods

401

26.5.3

Biotechnological Approach

401

26.6

Biotechnological Approaches for the Removal of ECs

401

26.6.1

Digestion by Membrane Bioreactor

401

26.6.2

Enzymatic Treatment

401

26.6.3

Biofiltration

402

26.6.4

Bioremediation

402

26.6.4.1

Bioaugmentation

403

26.6.4.2

Bioreactors

403

26.6.4.3

Biostimulation

404

26.6.4.4

Bioventing

404

26.6.4.5

Composting

404

26.6.4.6

Land Farming/Land Treatment

405

26.6.4.7

Biopiling

405

26.6.5

Phytoremediation

405

26.6.5.1

Phytoextraction and Phytoaccumulation

406

26.6.5.2

Phytostabilization

406

26.6.5.3

Phytovolatilization

406

26.6.5.4

Phytofiltration

406

26.6.5.5

Phytodegradation

406

26.7

Conclusion

406

References

407

Part VIII Economics and Commercialization of Zero Waste

Biotechnologies

409

27

Bioconversion of Waste to Wealth as Circular Bioeconomy

Approach

411

Dayanand Peter, Jaya Rathinam, and Ranganathan T. Vasudevan

27.1

Introduction

411

27.1.1

Circular Economy

411

27.1.2

Bioeconomy

412

27.1.3

Circular Bioeconomy

412

27.2

Biovalorization of Organic Waste

413

27.2.1

Extraction of Bioactives

413

27.2.2

Bioenergy Production

413

27.3

Bioeconomy Waste Production and Management

414

27.4

Concerns About Managing Food Waste in Achieving Circular

Bioeconomy Policies

416

27.5

Economics of Bioeconomy

417

27.6

Entrepreneurship in Bioeconomy

417

27.6.1

Current Trends in Bioeconomy

418

27.7

Conclusion

418